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Precedia/Small molecules/Grafapex/Flexibility

Grafapex: what flexibility did regulators accept, and why?

treosulfan · DNA alkylation
Check my plan vs. these
Flexibility accepted
DARTAcceptedBeyond the letter
No dedicated reproductive and developmental toxicity studies
Why: Reproductive toxicity assumed from cytotoxic and genotoxic properties; decades of clinical use and alkylating-agent experience · Weight of evidence · Human data · Class precedent
“A potential for an influence on reproductive performance and intrauterine development in humans can be assumed based on the cytotoxic and genotoxic properties of treosulfan. Therefore, no dedicated reproductive and developmental toxicity studies for treosulfan according to current regulatory guidance were conducted.”
✓ VerifiedEMA assessment report, p. 33Source ↗
“In view of the fact that treosulfan is mutagenic, cytotoxic, carcinogenic and toxic to reproduction, and in view of its established clinical use for decades as well as the extensive experience with other alkylating agents, further non-clinical studies are not warranted.”
✓ VerifiedEMA assessment report, p. 37Source ↗
GLPAcceptedBeyond the letter
Package largely published literature and brief summaries of 1970s-1980s studies; only recent studies GLP
Why: Known mutagenic, cytotoxic, carcinogenic, reprotoxic profile; decades of clinical use; experience with other alkylating agents · Human data · Class precedent
“Most of the study results are derived from the published literature whilst other studies are presented as brief summaries of studies conducted in the 1970s and 1980s.”
✓ VerifiedEMA assessment report, p. 37Source ↗
“In view of the fact that treosulfan is mutagenic, cytotoxic, carcinogenic and toxic to reproduction, and in view of its established clinical use for decades as well as the extensive experience with other alkylating agents, further non-clinical studies are not warranted.”
✓ VerifiedEMA assessment report, p. 37Source ↗
GenotoxicityAcceptedBeyond the letter
Original submission lacked convincing evidence of DNA alkylation or genotoxicity; new Ames and chromosomal aberration studies required
“During the review of the NDA, it was determined that the nonclinical data for treosulfan submitted to the NDA in studies or literature for which the Applicant has the right to reference did not provide convincing evidence of DNA alkylation and breaks as the mechanism of action (MOA) of treosulfan or to address genotoxicity potential of the drug.”
✓ VerifiedFDA multi-discipline review, p. 111Source ↗
“To address this issue, the Applicant conducted genetic toxicology studies, and submitted the results to demonstrate the genotoxicity of treosulfan.”
✓ VerifiedFDA multi-discipline review, p. 111Source ↗
Safety marginVerdict not stated
No NOAEL in most repeat-dose studies; adverse effects at the lowest dose tested
“In the other repeat-dose studies, adverse effects were observed at the lowest dose tested.”
✓ VerifiedEMA assessment report, p. 31Source ↗

Same question, other small molecules

Accrufer

ferric maltol · Iron replacement
No carcinogenicity studies with ferric maltol; rodent carcinogenicity data on maltol relied on

Adquey

difamilast · PDE4 (topical)
39-week dermal minipig NOAEL at the maximum feasible dose gave only 0.38x (males) and 0.30x (females) MRHD by AUC

Agamree

vamorolone · Glucocorticoid receptor (dissociative)
No carcinogenicity studies before approval; mouse and rat studies deferred to postmarketing requirements

Alyftrek

vanzacaftor, tezacaftor and deutivacaftor · CFTR
Vanzacaftor 2-year rat carcinogenicity study not completed before approval; deferred to postmarketing

Anzupgo

delgocitinib · Pan-JAK (topical)
No toxicokinetics in safety pharmacology studies; margins derived from repeat-dose study exposures

Aqneursa

levacetylleucine · Neuronal metabolism (proposed)
No carcinogenicity studies before approval; 26-week rasH2 mouse and 2-year rat required postmarketing

Artesunate

artesunate · Plasmodium (antimalarial)
No adequate in vivo genotoxicity characterisation of IV artesunate at approval; GLP in vivo micronucleus test deferred

Attruby

acoramidis · Transthyretin (stabiliser)
No exposure margin at the NOEL for learning deficits in rat offspring of the pre- and postnatal development study

Augtyro

repotrectinib · ROS1/TRK
Only a non-GLP dose-range-finding rat EFD study; no definitive EFD study

Avmapki Fakzynja Co-pack

avutometinib and defactinib · RAF/MEK clamp; FAK
No embryo-fetal development study for avutometinib or defactinib; weight-of-evidence assessment instead

Ayvakit

avapritinib · KIT/PDGFRA
No dedicated fertility or pre- and postnatal development studies

Azstarys

serdexmethylphenidate and dexmethylphenidate · Dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake
Abbreviated program for an NME: 28-day repeat-dose studies in rat and dog only; no chronic adult toxicity studies

Balversa

erdafitinib · FGFR1-4
No exposure margin: animal-to-human exposure ratios below one at the highest doses in 3-month rat and dog studies

Barhemsys

amisulpride · Dopamine D2/D3 receptor
Repeat-dose toxicity limited to a single 28-day IV study in one species (rat)

Baxfendy

baxdrostat · Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2)
Rat and transgenic mouse carcinogenicity studies likely did not achieve aldosterone synthase inhibition; treated as off-target assessment only

Blujepa

gepotidacin · Bacterial topoisomerases (gyrase/topo IV)
Positive in vitro micronucleus and mouse lymphoma assays; negative in vivo rat micronucleus and comet assays

Brexafemme

ibrexafungerp · Fungal glucan synthase
No carcinogenicity studies

Brinsupri

brensocatib · DPP1 (cathepsin C)
No juvenile animal studies; adolescent rat and dog repeat-dose studies used to support patients aged 12 years and older

Brukinsa

zanubrutinib · BTK
No carcinogenicity studies; absence justified by weight of evidence

Byfavo

remimazolam · GABA-A receptor (benzodiazepine site)
Rat fertility, EFD and PPND studies used short boluses giving exposures below human; DART battery incomplete

Bylvay

odevixibat · IBAT
Rabbit fetal cardiovascular malformations at all doses; low exposure multiple (about 2.1 times human AUC), no developmental NOAEL

Cabenuva

cabotegravir and rilpivirine · HIV-1 integrase; NNRTI
Pivotal cabotegravir toxicity studies used the oral route; IM/SC route covered only by a 3-month rat bridging study

Camzyos

mavacamten · Cardiac myosin
2-year rat carcinogenicity study still ongoing at approval; to be completed post-approval (rasH2 mouse study completed)

Caplyta

lumateperone · 5-HT2A / D2 receptor
Rat and dog used although neither matches human metabolism; dog and rat form aniline metabolites not quantifiable in humans

Cardamyst

etripamil · L-type calcium channel
No rodent carcinogenicity studies for a chronically used intranasal drug

Cibinqo

abrocitinib · JAK1
Cynomolgus monkey used as non-rodent species without initial cross-reactivity data; CHMP questioned its pharmacological relevance

Cobenfy

xanomeline and trospium · Muscarinic M1/M4 agonist; peripheral antagonist
No new nonclinical program for trospium; relies on prior FDA finding of safety for the approved trospium product

Cosela

trilaciclib · CDK4/6
No fertility, embryo-fetal or pre/postnatal development studies despite ovary and estrus-cycle findings in rats

Crenessity

crinecerfont · CRF1 receptor
Exposure multiples at the NOAELs in pivotal studies limited to one- to fourfold the MRHD because of exposure saturation

Cypsedo

cipepofol · GABA-A receptor
Juvenile rat toxicity and neonatal neurotoxicity studies deferred to postmarketing requirements

Daybue

trofinetide · IGF-1 tripeptide analogue
No carcinogenicity studies before approval; two-species carcinogenicity deferred to a postmarketing requirement

Defencath

taurolidine and heparin · Antimicrobial catheter lock
No adequate general toxicology study: rat study with diluted product did not reach doses that explore taurolidine toxicity

Dojolvi

triheptanoin · Anaplerotic energy substrate
No nonclinical toxicology studies submitted to the IND; only published pharmacology studies

Duvyzat

givinostat · Histone deacetylase (class I/II)
Mouse and two-year rat carcinogenicity studies deferred to after approval as postmarketing requirements

Egaten

triclabendazole · Fasciola (tubulin)
Nonclinical package consists of older studies conducted to support the veterinary product

Ekterly

sebetralstat · Plasma kallikrein
2-year rat carcinogenicity study still ongoing at approval; completion issued as a postmarketing requirement

Ensacove

ensartinib · ALK
No exposure margin for dog skin toxicity: severe skin lesions at exposures approximately equal to clinical AUC at 225 mg/day

Evrysdi

risdiplam · SMN2 splicing
Only a rasH2 mouse study before approval; 2-year rat carcinogenicity study deferred to a post-approval commitment

Exblifep

cefepime and enmetazobactam · PBPs; beta-lactamase (enmetazobactam)
No exposure margin for enmetazobactam liver effects; combination-study NOAELs below MRHD exposure in dogs and rats

Exkivity

mobocertinib · EGFR exon 20 insertion
Embryo-fetal development assessed only in a preliminary rat study; no definitive study and no second species

Exxua

gepirone · 5-HT1A receptor
In vitro chromosome aberration assay inadequate: 5-hour treatment only, no ~24-hour continuous treatment without activation

Fabhalta

iptacopan · Complement factor B
Male dog NOAEL in the 9-month study at 0.5 times human AUC at the MRHD

Fetroja

cefiderocol · Penicillin-binding proteins
Cynomolgus monkey used as non-rodent species for general toxicology without species justification

Fexinidazole

fexinidazole · Trypanosoma brucei
Positive Ames assay, including nitroreductase-deficient strains; applicant argued no human relevance

Filspari

sparsentan · Endothelin A / angiotensin II receptors
No exposure margin at the 9-month monkey NOAEL: 0.2 (males) and 0.1 (females) times human AUC at 800 mg

Fotivda

tivozanib · VEGFR1-3
Exposure at the 9-month monkey NOAEL about 0.5-fold that of RCC patients (no margin)

Foundayo

orforglipron · GLP-1 receptor (non-peptide)
Lifetime rat and rasH2 mouse studies in pharmacologically inactive species; on-target thyroid C-cell tumor risk not assessable

Fruzaqla

fruquintinib · VEGFR1-3
Most single- and repeat-dose studies non-GLP; only two 13-week GLP bridging studies (rat, dog) considered pivotal

Gavreto

pralsetinib · RET
Embryo-fetal toxicity in rat only; no second-species EFD, pre/postnatal, juvenile or immunotoxicity studies

Gomekli

mirdametinib · MEK1/2
2-year rat carcinogenicity study ongoing at approval; final report required postmarketing (rasH2 mouse study completed)

Hernexeos

zongertinib · HER2 (mutant)
No dedicated fertility and early embryonic development studies; fertility assessed from repeat-dose reproductive organ histopathology

Hyrnuo

sevabertinib · HER2 (mutant)
Embryo-fetal development assessed in rat only; rabbit not usable as no relevant exposure achieved

Ibsrela

tenapanor · NHE3
Juvenile rat NOAEL gives no safety margin for patients under 12; additional juvenile study (from postnatal day 21) deferred to postmarketing

Ibtrozi

taletrectinib · ROS1
No pre- and postnatal development study despite concern for neurodevelopmental effects of Trk inhibition

Idvynso

doravirine and islatravir · NNRTI; NRTTI
Islatravir positive for chromosomal aberrations in vitro (CHO cells); accepted on mechanism and negative Ames and in vivo micronucleus

Inluriyo

imlunestrant · Estrogen receptor (SERD)
No fertility/early embryonic, pre- and postnatal development or juvenile toxicity studies

Inpefa

sotagliflozin · SGLT1/SGLT2
Major human metabolite sotagliflozin-3-O-glucuronide not qualified in animal studies (formed at much lower levels in rodents, absent in dog)

Inqovi

decitabine and cedazuridine · DNMT (decitabine); cytidine deaminase (cedazuridine)
Combination toxicology limited to one non-GLP 4-week (one-cycle) monkey study using separate capsules, not the fixed-dose tablet

Inrebic

fedratinib · JAK2
No long-term rodent carcinogenicity study; sponsor ICH S9 rationale rejected, waiver granted on low rodent exposure

Iqirvo

elafibranor · PPARα/δ
Most repeat-dose exposure margins for elafibranor below one (CHMP recalculation); findings considered likely clinically relevant

Isturisa

osilodrostat · 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1)
No toxicokinetics of major human metabolite M34.5 in pivotal rat studies; exposure only extrapolated from single-dose ADME data

Itovebi

inavolisib · PI3Kα (mutant-selective)
No exposure margins: NOAEL AUC margins in 4- and 13-week rat and dog studies and rat embryo-fetal study generally below 1

Jascayd

nerandomilast · PDE4B
In vitro hERG assay not conducted under GLP and had several deficiencies

Jaypirca

pirtobrutinib · BTK (non-covalent)
Aneugenic in in vitro human lymphocyte micronucleus assays; in vivo rat micronucleus negative

Jesduvroq

daprodustat · HIF prolyl hydroxylase
Major human metabolites M2, M3 and M13 not formed in rodents; given SC as a metabolite cocktail in mouse carcinogenicity and rat pre/postnatal studies

Jideytro

zidesamtinib · ROS1
No fertility or pre- and postnatal development studies, so neurodevelopmental effects of TRK inhibition were not assessed

Joenja

leniolisib · PI3Kδ
Carcinogenicity studies (6-month Tg-rasH2 mouse, 2-year rat) ongoing at approval; final reports deferred to postmarketing

Journavx

suzetrigine · NaV1.8
No in vitro chromosomal aberration test with the major human metabolite M6-SUZ; clastogenicity covered by parent in vivo micronucleus assay

Kerendia

finerenone · Mineralocorticoid receptor
No finerenone MR binding data in mouse or rabbit (carcinogenicity and EFD species); relevance argued by receptor homology

Klisyri

tirbanibulin · Tubulin / Src
Positive genotoxicity (clastogenic in vitro and in vivo, weakly mutagenic in mouse lymphoma) accepted for a topical product

Komzifti

ziftomenib · Menin-KMT2A
Mouse embryo-fetal skeletal malformations at all doses; lowest dose about 0.3 times human AUC

Koselugo

selumetinib · MEK1/2
Mouse instead of rat as the rodent for long-term toxicology and developmental studies

Krazati

adagrasib · KRAS G12C
Low exposure margins (0.3 to 2.4) in 28-day and 13-week rat and dog studies; NOAEL exposures similar to or below human exposure

Kygevvi

doxecitine and doxribtimine · Pyrimidine nucleoside replacement (TK2 deficiency)
No 2-year rat carcinogenicity study; weight-of-evidence assessment instead, with 26-week Tg-rasH2 mouse study postapproval

Lampit

nifurtimox · Trypanosoma cruzi
Most nonclinical studies, including all repeat-dose toxicity studies, decades old, non-GLP and reported in literature publications

Lazcluze

lazertinib · EGFR (mutant-selective)
Low exposure margins: NOAEL or LOAEL exposures at or below clinical exposure at the recommended dose

Leqselvi

deuruxolitinib · JAK1/JAK2
Juvenile rat toxicity study deferred to a postmarketing requirement

Lifyorli

relacorilant · Glucocorticoid receptor (antagonist)
Predominant human metabolite CORT125295 absent in rodents; qualified by weight-of-evidence assessment instead of dedicated toxicity studies

Litfulo

ritlecitinib · JAK3/TEC kinases
Dog axonal dystrophy margin only 6.0-fold (Cmax) and 7.4-fold (AUC); lowest affected dog dose 10 mg/kg/day

Livdelzi

seladelpar · PPARδ
Cardiovascular/respiratory safety pharmacology in dogs without data showing dog relevance; female dog and guinea pig studies non-GLP

Livmarli

maralixibat · IBAT (ASBT)
Only the Tg.RasH2 mouse study completed before approval; 2-year rat carcinogenicity study in progress and made a postmarketing requirement

Livtencity

maribavir · CMV UL97 protein kinase
In vivo safety pharmacology studies not GLP-compliant (conducted before ICH S7A)

Lumakras

sotorasib · KRAS G12C
Exposure to major human metabolite M10 not measured in any GLP toxicology study; extrapolated from rat mass balance data

Lupkynis

voclosporin · Calcineurin
Most toxicology studies used a cis/trans isomer mixture (mix-ISA247) rather than the clinical product, with a limited bridging programme

Lybalvi

olanzapine and samidorphan · D2/5-HT2A; opioid receptors (samidorphan)
No new olanzapine nonclinical studies; olanzapine pharmacology, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity and DART data taken from the approved Zyprexa label

Lynavoy

linerixibat · IBAT
No PBC or cholestatic pruritus model; bile acid excretion in healthy mice and dogs and a rat NEC model instead

Lynkuet

elinzanetant · NK1/NK3 receptors
No margin at 39-week monkey NOAEL: females below 1x and males 1x MRHD AUC

Lytgobi

futibatinib · FGFR1-4 (covalent)
No exposure margin: rat severely toxic dose (cardiac mineralisation) exposure approximately equals clinical exposure

Mayzent

siponimod · S1P1/S1P5 receptor
Human metabolites M3 and M17 not measured in pivotal repeat-dose studies; exposure inferred from non-GLP metabolite-to-parent ratios with unvalidated assays

Miebo

perfluorohexyloctane · Tear film evaporation barrier
Safety pharmacology limited to a CNS Irwin test within a short oral rat study; no other endpoints assessed

Miplyffa

arimoclomol · Heat-shock response amplifier
Nonclinical efficacy and mechanism data for arimoclomol alone in patient-derived cells and NPC animal models judged unconvincing

Modeyso

dordaviprone · DRD2 antagonist / ClpP agonist
Embryo-fetal development assessed only in non-GLP dose-range-finding studies in rats and rabbits; no definitive GLP studies

Myqorzo

aficamten · Cardiac myosin
Chronic rat and dog exposure margins below ICH M3(R2) expectations because exaggerated pharmacology limited dosing

Nereus

tradipitant · NK1 receptor
No ≥6-month nonrodent toxicity study for unrestricted, repeated intermittent lifetime use; dog studies subchronic only

Nexletol

bempedoic acid · ATP citrate lyase
26-week rat NOAEL below clinical exposure (<1x AUC); 52-week monkey NOAEL 13x

Nextstellis

drospirenone and estetrol · Estrogen / progestin receptors
No new nonclinical program for drospirenone; relies on FDA's previous findings of safety for the listed drug YAZ

Nourianz

istradefylline · Adenosine A2A receptor
Brain not adequately evaluated in pivotal dog toxicity studies despite rat brain mineralization; nonclinical deficiency in first-cycle Not Approvable letter

Nubeqa

darolutamide · Androgen receptor
No carcinogenicity studies before approval (advanced cancer); EMA required a 6-month Tg-rasH2 mouse study post-approval

Nulibry

fosdenopterin · cPMP replacement (MoCD type A)
No carcinogenicity study before approval; single-species study deferred to a postmarketing requirement

Nurtec ODT

rimegepant · CGRP receptor
Rat pre- and postnatal development study deficient (too few offspring, weak neurobehavioral assessment); repeat required postmarketing

Nuzolvence

zoliflodacin · Bacterial topoisomerase II
No sperm count or viability analyses in animals despite testicular toxicity and incomplete reversibility of epididymal findings

Ogsiveo

nirogacestat · Gamma secretase
No 2-year rat carcinogenicity study; only 26-week Tg rasH2 mouse study plus weight-of-evidence assessment

Ojemda

tovorafenib · RAF (type II pan-RAF)
No juvenile toxicity studies for a paediatric indication; youngest animals corresponded to 12 to 16 years of human age

Ojjaara

momelotinib · JAK1/JAK2/ACVR1
Major active metabolite M21 not covered by animal exposure; no safety margins for M21

Olinvyk

oliceridine · μ-opioid receptor (G-protein biased)
Major human metabolite TRV0109662 not shown qualified in EFD studies (failed ISR); no dedicated metabolite study, original EFD samples reanalysed instead

Omlonti

omidenepag isopropyl · EP2 receptor
No rodent carcinogenicity bioassays; applicant cited the ICH S1A ocular-route provision

Ongentys

opicapone · COMT
Rabbit embryofetal study: no exposure margin for maternal or developmental toxicity (<1 to 1 times human AUC)

Orgovyx

relugolix · GnRH receptor
Rat reproductive and developmental data discounted because of low relugolix affinity for rat GnRH receptors; rabbit EFD used for labeling

Orladeyo

berotralstat · Plasma kallikrein
Narrow NOAEL exposure margins in chronic studies: 3.8 in rat and 1.5 in monkey

Orlynvah

sulopenem etzadroxil and probenecid · Penicillin-binding proteins
Positive in vitro clastogenicity for sulopenem etzadroxil and sulopenem; judged non-genotoxic on negative in vivo micronucleus and Ames results

Orserdu

elacestrant · Estrogen receptor (SERD)
No exposure margin for rat embryo-fetal toxicity: maternal toxicity and embryo-fetal mortality at about 0.1 times human AUC

Orzeyful

oveporexton · Orexin OX2 receptor agonist
Positive in vitro micronucleus assay after continuous treatment; overall judged non-genotoxic on negative Ames and in vivo micronucleus

Oxbryta

voxelotor · HbS polymerisation
Adverse effects in animals at exposures comparable to or below anticipated clinical exposure

Palsonify

paltusotine · Somatostatin receptor 2
Rat carcinogenicity study terminated early (Week 91 males, Week 89 females) due to low control survival

Paxlovid

nirmatrelvir and ritonavir · SARS-CoV-2 Mpro (3CL protease)
No combination toxicity studies of nirmatrelvir with ritonavir

Pemazyre

pemigatinib · FGFR1-3
Embryo-fetal development assessed only in a non-GLP dose range-finding rat study

Piqray

alpelisib · PI3Kα
In vitro genotoxicity concentrations below ICH S2 requirements; in vivo micronucleus exposure only 2-fold or 1.4-fold human exposure

Pizensy

lactitol · Osmotic laxative
No GLP chronic toxicity studies by the applicant; chronic toxicity supported by published literature

Ponvory

ponesimod · S1P1 receptor
Lung toxicity NOAEL in rats below human exposure (0.7-fold based on plasma exposure)

Pretomanid

pretomanid · Mycobacterial cell wall / respiration
2-year rat carcinogenicity study ongoing at approval and deferred post-marketing, despite mutagenic circulating metabolite M50

Pyrukynd

mitapivat · Pyruvate kinase (activator)
No in vivo pyruvate kinase deficiency model; efficacy shown in a β-thalassemia mouse model, normal mice and patient RBCs ex vivo

Qelbree

viloxazine · Norepinephrine reuptake
General and reproductive toxicity largely from 1970s legacy studies not in full GLP compliance, many without toxicokinetics

Qinlock

ripretinib · KIT/PDGFRA
No in vivo phototoxicity follow-up after a positive in vitro 3T3 NRU assay, contrary to ICH S10 and CHMP advice

Qulipta

atogepant · CGRP receptor
Female mouse carcinogenicity study inadequate: high dose not an MTD or MFD and below 25-fold human exposure

Quviviq

daridorexant · Orexin OX1/OX2 receptors
Tg.rasH2 mouse high dose gave only 4.37- to 8.5-fold AUC multiples, below the 50-fold ICH S1 criterion

Rapiblyk

landiolol · β1-adrenergic receptor
Core nonclinical package taken from published literature on the Japanese landiolol product ONO-1101 (Onoact) rather than new studies

Rasonque

daraxonrasib · RAS(ON) multi-selective
Embryo-fetal assessment limited to a dose-range-finding study in mice; no definitive or second-species study

Recarbrio

imipenem, cilastatin and relebactam · Beta-lactamase (relebactam)
No carcinogenicity studies with relebactam or imipenem/cilastatin

Relyvrio

sodium phenylbutyrate and taurursodiol · ER stress / mitochondrial (proposed)
No carcinogenicity studies before approval; mouse and rat studies deferred to post-marketing requirements

Retevmo

selpercatinib · RET
No carcinogenicity studies before approval although MTC patients can live long; rat and mouse studies required postmarketing

Revtorpyk

gedatolisib · PI3K/mTOR
No embryo-fetal development studies; drug is given with palbociclib and fulvestrant, both known embryo-fetal toxicants

Revuforj

revumenib · Menin-KMT2A
Single preliminary rat embryo-fetal study only; no definitive or second-species embryo-fetal study

Reyvow

lasmiditan · 5-HT1F receptor
In vivo mouse micronucleus assay judged inadequate by the primary reviewer: exposure to major human metabolites not demonstrated

Rezdiffra

resmetirom · Thyroid hormone receptor β
Rat pre/postnatal study lacked behavior, motor activity, sensory function and reflex development testing

Rezurock

belumosudil · ROCK2
No carcinogenicity studies at US approval; waiver for chronic GVHD refused and rodent studies deferred to postmarketing requirements

Rezzayo

rezafungin · Fungal glucan synthase
No carcinogenicity studies

Rhapsido

remibrutinib · BTK
No NOAEL in 26-week rat study: endocrine pancreas fibrosis, haemorrhage and pigment at all doses

Rinvoq

upadacitinib · JAK1
No exposure margin for teratogenicity: rat and rabbit embryo-fetal NOAELs at exposures similar to or below the clinical dose

Romvimza

vimseltinib · CSF1R
2-year rat carcinogenicity study ongoing at approval; report deferred to post-marketing

Rozlytrek

entrectinib · TRK/ROS1/ALK
No exposure margins: CNS toxicity at 0.2 times human Cmax and skin, red-cell effects at 0.1 times human AUC

Rukobia

fostemsavir · HIV-1 gp120 (attachment)
No stand-alone CNS or respiratory safety pharmacology studies; assessed within toxicity studies

Scemblix

asciminib · BCR-ABL1 (STAMP, myristoyl pocket)
No carcinogenicity studies submitted for chronic-phase CML in patients pretreated with two or more TKIs

Sephience

sepiapterin · Tetrahydrobiopterin precursor
No 2-year rat carcinogenicity study before approval; weight-of-evidence waiver refused and study deferred to a postmarketing requirement

Simtriyo

centanafadine · Triple monoamine reuptake
26-week rat NOAEL exposure below human AUC at the MRHD (~0.1x males, ~0.8x females)

Skyclarys

omaveloxolone · Nrf2 activator
Carcinogenicity studies (26-week Tg.rasH2 mouse, 2-year rat) deferred to post-marketing requirements

Sohonos

palovarotene · RARγ
No rodent carcinogenicity studies before approval for chronic use; weight-of-evidence assessment submitted; two-species studies required postmarketing

Sotyktu

deucravacitinib · TYK2
Low margin in GLP monkey cardiovascular telemetry study: NOEL at 3x clinical Cmax

Sunlenca

lenacapavir · HIV-1 capsid
No completed carcinogenicity studies at submission; rasH2 mouse and 2-year rat studies ongoing, submitted post-approval

Sunosi

solriamfetol · Dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake
No exposure margin at general toxicology NOAELs: about 1 in dog and below 1 in mouse and rat (AUC)

Tabrecta

capmatinib · MET
NOAEL exposures in rat and dog within the range of human exposure; below 1 in female monkeys

Tavneos

avacopan · C5a receptor (C5aR1)
Respiratory, renal, CNS safety pharmacology and TDAR studies done only in rats, a pharmacologically non-relevant species

Tazverik

tazemetostat · EZH2
No NOAEL in the juvenile rat study: deaths, mostly from malignant lymphoma, even at 50 mg/kg, approximately equal to adult human exposure at 800 mg BID

Tepmetko

tepotinib · MET
No exposure margin: NOAEL AUC in chronic rat and dog studies about 4% of human exposure at 500 mg

Trikafta

elexacaftor, tezacaftor and ivacaftor · CFTR
2-year rat carcinogenicity study of elexacaftor ongoing at approval; completed as a postmarketing requirement

Truqap

capivasertib · AKT1-3
Only preliminary rat embryo-fetal studies; no definitive or second-species embryo-fetal study

Truseltiq

infigratinib · FGFR1-3
Safety margins below 1 at all dose levels in rat and dog toxicity studies versus human exposure at 125 mg QD

Tryptyr

acoltremon · TRPM8 agonist
Rodent carcinogenicity studies waived for a chronic topical ocular drug; reviewer noted unexplored literature on TRPM8 in cancer

Tryvio

aprocitentan · Endothelin A/B receptors
No dedicated carcinogenicity studies with aprocitentan; mouse and rat studies of parent drug macitentan used instead

Tukysa

tucatinib · HER2
No exposure margin: liver and GI toxicity in rats and monkeys at safety margins below 1 (clinically relevant doses)

Turalio

pexidartinib · CSF1R
Major human metabolite ZAAD-1006a not measured in rat and dog toxicity studies; off-target screening deferred to a postmarketing commitment

Ubrelvy

ubrogepant · CGRP receptor
Mouse 104-week carcinogenicity study inadequate: AUC margin at highest dose below 25-fold the MRHD

Ukoniq

umbralisib · PI3Kδ / CK1ε
Rabbit embryo-fetal study exposures only 0.03 to 0.08 times clinical exposure, with high variability and no dose-dependence

Utebzi

tebipenem pivoxil · Penicillin-binding proteins
Prodrug tebipenem pivoxil positive in vitro (mammalian gene mutation, CHO chromosomal aberration); in vivo micronucleus negative

Vafseo

vadadustat · HIF prolyl hydroxylase
No exposure margin: NOAEL exposures in all species below human exposure at 600 mg QD

Vanflyta

quizartinib · FLT3
No exposure margin at NOAELs for severe haematopoietic inhibition in monkeys (MOE 0.07-0.10) and dogs (MOE 0.41-0.54)

Vanrafia

atrasentan · Endothelin A receptor
No NOAEL established in chronic rat or dog toxicity studies

Veklury

remdesivir · SARS-CoV-2 RNA polymerase
No recovery phase in the 4-week rat and monkey toxicity studies

Velsipity

etrasimod · S1P1/S1P4/S1P5 receptors
Exposure to major human metabolites M3 and M6 not investigated in mice and dogs; coverage shown in rats only

Veozah

fezolinetant · Neurokinin-3 receptor
Sub-chronic and chronic toxicity studies conducted in female animals only

Veppanu

vepdegestrant · Estrogen receptor (PROTAC degrader)
Only a preliminary rat embryo-fetal study; no definitive or second-species embryo-fetal study

Verquvo

vericiguat · Soluble guanylate cyclase
In vitro hERG assay deviated from ICH S7B Q&A best practices (voltage protocol, no concentration verification or positive controls)

Vivjoa

oteseconazole · Fungal CYP51
26-week rat NOAEL exposure about 0.2 times the MRHD by AUC

Vizz

aceclidine · Muscarinic agonist (miotic)
Potential mutagenic drug-substance impurity specified above the default ICH M7 acceptable intake, without impurity-specific safety data

Vonjo

pacritinib · JAK2/FLT3
Chronic dog NOAEL exposure only 0.06x (males) and 0.02x (females) the clinical AUC

Voranigo

vorasidenib · IDH1/IDH2
No chronic toxicity study, although the long-life-expectancy indication falls outside ICH S9

Voydeya

danicopan · Complement factor D
Rat (pharmacologically inactive) used only for off-target toxicity; DART conducted in rabbit, a pharmacologically active species

Vtama

tapinarof · Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
Male arm of the subcutaneous rat carcinogenicity study of inadequate duration; only female rat data adequate

Vyndaqel

tafamidis · Transthyretin (stabiliser)
No in vivo pharmacology studies; efficacy supported by in vitro TTR stabilisation only

Wakix

pitolisant · Histamine H3 receptor
No safety margin in the monkey (convulsions) at the NOAEL, whether based on Cmax or AUC

Wayrilz

rilzabrutinib · BTK (reversible covalent)
Chronic rat NOAEL exposure only approximated clinical AUC at the maximum recommended dose

Welireg

belzutifan · HIF-2α
No carcinogenicity studies before US approval for chronic use in VHL disease; mouse and rat studies required postmarketing

Winlevi

clascoterone · Androgen receptor (topical)
No developmental NOAEL in the rat embryo-fetal study: malformations at all doses

Xacduro

sulbactam and durlobactam · PBPs; beta-lactamase (durlobactam)
Repeat-dose juvenile toxicity study (to inform dosing from birth to under one year) still ongoing at approval; completion under a postmarketing commitment

Xcopri

cenobamate · Sodium channel / GABA-A
Rat embryo-fetal study inadequate: high embryofetal death left too few fetuses to evaluate teratogenic potential; repeat study required postmarketing

Xdemvy

lotilaner · Mite GABA-Cl channel
Carcinogenicity studies waived on a weight-of-evidence basis

Xeglyze

abametapir · Lice metalloproteinases
Cardiovascular telemetry study in minipigs too flawed for regulatory use

Xocova

ensitrelvir · SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease
Eight drug-substance impurities with carcinogenic concern classified as ICH M7 Class 5 on lack of mutagenicity

Xolremdi

mavorixafor · CXCR4
No carcinogenicity studies before approval; rat and mouse carcinogenicity studies deferred to postmarketing requirements

Xpovio

selinexor · XPO1
No safety margin: toxicity in rats and monkeys at exposures below clinical exposure

Zavzpret

zavegepant · CGRP receptor
Juvenile animal toxicology study deferred to a post-marketing requirement to support pediatric development

Zaynich

cefepime and zidebactam · PBPs; beta-lactam enhancer (zidebactam)
Bacterial reverse mutation assay of a (redacted) test article limited to low concentrations because of antibacterial cytotoxicity

Zegfrovy

sunvozertinib · EGFR exon 20 insertion
No exposure margin: persistent ocular toxicity in rats at about 0.8 times the clinical AUC at 200 mg

Zenbexus

iberdomide · Cereblon (CELMoD)
No exposure margin at the 9-month monkey NOAEL (0.95-fold human steady-state AUC at 1 mg QD)

Zeposia

ozanimod · S1P1/S1P5 receptor
Major active human metabolites CC112273 and CC1084037 under-represented in pivotal toxicity, carcinogenicity and DART studies

Zepzelca

lurbinectedin · DNA minor groove (transcription)
Margins based on MTDs rather than NOAELs; exposure margins well below one in all studies and species

Zevtera

ceftobiprole medocaril · Penicillin-binding proteins
Animal data support only up to one month of dosing, while clinical treatment up to six weeks was permitted

Zokinvy

lonafarnib · Farnesyltransferase
No carcinogenicity study before approval; deferred to a postapproval study as agreed at the pre-IND meeting

Ztalmy

ganaxolone · GABA-A receptor (positive modulator)
Mouse and rat carcinogenicity studies not conducted before approval; deferred to postmarketing requirements as agreed with the Division

Zulresso

brexanolone · GABA-A receptor (positive modulator)
No carcinogenicity studies

Zurzuvae

zuranolone · GABA-A receptor (positive modulator)
Rabbit embryofetal study inadequate (plasma exposure below detection in some dams); second-species study required postapproval

Zycubo

copper histidinate · Copper replacement (Menkes disease)
No chronic repeat-dose toxicity studies in rodents or nonrodents, and no safety pharmacology studies

Beqalzi

sonrotoclax · BCL-2
Not stated in public reviews

Brenzavvy

bexagliflozin · SGLT2
Not stated in public reviews

Dayvigo

lemborexant · Orexin OX1/OX2 receptors
Not stated in public reviews

Gemtesa

vibegron · β3-adrenergic receptor
Not stated in public reviews

Ohtuvayre

ensifentrine · PDE3/PDE4
Not stated in public reviews

Rezlidhia

olutasidenib · IDH1 (mutant)
Not stated in public reviews

Sofdra

sofpironium · Muscarinic receptors (topical)
Not stated in public reviews

Voquezna

vonoprazan · H+/K+-ATPase (potassium-competitive)
Not stated in public reviews

Xenleta

lefamulin · Bacterial ribosome (50S PTC)
Not stated in public reviews

Summary across all 211 small molecules →